Incoterms

Shipping Instructions

EXW — Ex Works (Place name)

The seller makes the goods available at its own premises
EXW places the greatest obligation on the buyer and the least responsibility on the seller.
The goods are made available at the seller's premises on the agreed date, and the buyer takes on all transport costs and risks up to the final destination.
This rule works well for preparing initial offers, since it does not include carriage costs and gives the buyer full flexibility.
- The buyer takes on all transport costs and risks from the moment of collection at the seller's premises.

FCA — Free Carrier (Place name)

The seller handles loading and export preparation
FCA is used when the seller has to load the goods onto the means of transport arranged by the buyer, at the agreed port. The seller also provides all required documents and covers export costs.
The buyer gives instructions about the vessel and the place of collection. FCA is a commonly used rule in sea transport, except for container transport.
- Used in sea transport, except for containers.
FAS — Free Alongside Ship (Port name)

Goods placed alongside the ship at the port of delivery
The seller delivers the goods alongside the ship at the port and handles export preparation, including all required documents and costs.
From that point the buyer bears the costs of loading and transport.
- Standard for conventional sea transport, not for containers.
FOB — Free On Board (Port name)

FOB requires the seller to load the goods onto the vessel arranged by the buyer and to prepare everything for export.
The buyer takes on the risk and costs from the moment the goods are on board.
- A standard sea transport rule, except for containers.

DAT — Delivered at Terminal (Terminal name)

Delivery and unloading at the terminal
The seller delivers the goods to the agreed terminal and is required to unload them. All other obligations, including import duties, are borne by the buyer.
- The terminal can be a covered or an open unloading area.
DAP — Delivered at Place (Place of destination)

Goods delivered to the place of destination
The seller takes on all transport obligations up to the place of delivery, but the buyer bears the unloading costs and any import duties.
- A flexible rule for all modes of transport.
DDP — Delivered Duty Paid (Place of destination)

Goods delivered with customs costs paid
This is the most favorable rule for the buyer. The seller bears all transport costs and risks up to the place of destination, including customs duties.
The buyer pays only the unloading costs, unless the contract states otherwise.
DDP is often used in domestic trade because it includes all taxes and VAT, which the seller covers.
- The most favorable option for the buyer, suitable for both domestic and international transactions.